Nigerian Journal of Family Practice (NJFP) serves as a repository for cutting-edge, peer-reviewed research in all fields of primary health care and family medicine in a uniquely African context. Encouraging scholarly exchange between family medicine and primary health care researchers and practitioners across Sub-Saharan Africa, NJFP provides a contextual and holistic view of family medicine as practiced across the continent. The journal is indispensable for family medicine specialists, primary health care practitioners and academics from both the developing and developed worlds, and offers an engaging insight into the growth of these disciplines from a distinctly African perspective. Coverage of NJFP includes: Family medicine; Primary health care; District health; Rural health; Health promotion Prevention of disease and disability; Community oriented primary care; Education and training of professionals and health workers in primary health care and family medicine; Medical informatics and information science; Accident & Emergency care; Occupational Health; Travel Medicine etc.
Society of Family Physicians of Nigeria (SOFPON)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Health Care Workers in Nigeria: A Review on Research Evidence and Practice
Background: The prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) post-exposure infections among health care workers (HCW) in Nigeria is higher than the national prevalence. Hence, the need to strengthen capacity to opt in for post-exposure prophylaxis among HCWs. The aim of this review is to evaluate the practice of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for HIV infection among HCWs in Nigeria in order to break the cycle of transmissions. Methodology: A search was made to review articles published on the PubMed® database using "Post-Exposure Prophylaxis"[MeSH], “Occupational Exposure” and HIV, Nigeria, yielding 39 articles. Further search was made in Google Scholar with the key words: “HIV PEP” AND “health workers”, “Nigeria” that produced 76 results, giving rise to a total of 115 articles from 2010 to 2019. After screening, ten studies were eventually included in this study. Result: The studies reviewed were cross-sectional studies that involved different cadres of HCWs practising at different levels of health care. Majority of the HCWs studied had knowledge of existing protocol for PEP while only a fifth reported undergoing HIV PEP training programs. The practice of PEP was low in the studies. Training on occupational exposures and HIV PEP was found to be significantly associated with high knowledge and practice of HIV PEP in the studies reviewed. The reasons responsible for the low use of HIV prophylaxis among HCWs were lack of written PEP protocols, lack of the antiretroviral drugs, fear of stigmatization, and fear of side effects of the ART. Conclusion: Training HCWs across different healthcare cadres on the practice of HIV prophylaxis should be routine in all health care facilities.
Derechos de autor 2025 Nigerian Journal of Family Practice
The Influence of Socio-demographic Factors on Physical Activity Level of Health Service Providers in Jos University Teaching Hospital
Background: Physical activity and exercise are essential for enhancing the health of healthcare providers and improving their quality of life. Several factors, including socio-demographic characteristics, can influence the physical activity levels of healthcare providers. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of socio-demographic factors on the physical activity levels of healthcare providers at Jos University Teaching Hospital. Methods: A stratified sampling method was used to select 285 consenting health service providers. Socio-demographic characteristic of participants was documented while physical activity level was assessed with the GPAQ. Data collected was analysed using SPSS version 25. Chi-square statistics was used to explore relationship between socio-demographic factors and physical activity level. A p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Logistic regression was applied for significant variables from chi-square. Results: Gender (p value of 0.007) and marital status (p value of 0.004) were statistically significantly associated with the physical activity level of health service providers. Male participants predominantly (41%) had high physical activity levels compared to their female counterparts, who mostly had low physical activity levels (36%). Logistic regression showed that females had about 2 times the odds of being physically inactive compared to their male counterparts (odd ratio of 2.23 at 95% confidence interval). Single participants (50%) had higher physical activity levels compared to married individuals. Age, average monthly salary, and years of practice were not statistically related to physical activity levels. Conclusion: Marital status and gender was significantly related to physical activity level. Advocacy should be aimed at female and married health service providers who are less likely to be physically active.
Fostering Elderly Healthcare Through the Use of Geriatric Social Care Givers in the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Nigeria
Introduction: The commencement of the training of Geriatric Social Care Givers (GSCGs) in Nigeria (Sept 2024), was preceded by the training of Quality Assurance Assessors (QAAs) by the National Senior Citizens Centre, Abuja, under the auspices of the National Board for Technical Education – Centre of Excellence, Kaduna. This research aimed to unearth the place of the GSCGs in the care of elderly patients with a view to evaluating the demands of the elderly in enhancing their care. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive survey involving 211 consenting subjects (NHREC/07/10/2012). was conducted in the Geriatric Clinic of the Department of Family Medicine, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar. A semi-structured self-administered questionnaire was used. A test-retest reliability coefficient of 0.8 was attained to ensure the validity of the questionnaire as a working instrument. Data were analysed using the statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. Descriptive statistics was used to summarize variables and results were expressed in tables as percentages, means and standard deviation. The level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05, using chi-square test and Fisher's exact test where necessary. Results: Statistically significant relationships were found between expectations and participants' age group (p < 0.001), gender (p < 0.001), level of education (p < 0.001), tribe (p < 0.001) and occupation (p < 0.001). Those who were married, lived in far urban residences and those with longer duration of illness had high levels of expectations. Conclusion: In this study, the expectations of the elderly about healthcare services were high with significant association when compared with socio-demographic variables (age, gender, level of education, tribe and occupation). Healthcare providers should keep these expectations in mind during their clinical encounters with geriatric patients.
Functional Constipation and Associated Risk Factors in the Elderly Patients Attending the General Outpatient Clinic of Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
Background: Functional constipation (FC), defined as a stool frequency of less than 3 times per week and persisting for at least 3 months, is a common concern in family medicine. Data on FC and its risk factors in elderly Nigerians are limited. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of FC among elderly patients at a family medicine clinic in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 316 elderly patients (≥60 years) attending the family medicine clinic of the Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, using systematic random sampling. Data were collected via an interviewer-administered questionnaire. FC was the dependent variable, and socio-demographic factors, lifestyle, and medical history were independent variables. Chi-square tests and logistic regression were used for analysis, with significance set at p < 0.05 (95% CI). Results: The prevalence of FC was 19.3%. The mean age of participants was 68.77 ± 6.76 years. While females were the majority (57.3%), a higher proportion of males had FC (22.2% vs. 17.1%). Logistic regression identified ethnicity (Yoruba: OR 2.348, p = 0.014; Hausa: OR 5.586, p = 0.043) and lack of fruit (OR 2.672, p = 0.043) and vegetable (OR 2.679, p = 0.012) consumption as significant predictors of FC. Conclusion: The prevalence of FC was notable, with higher rates in males and significant associations with Yoruba and Hausa ethnicities, and lower intake of fruits and vegetables. These findings suggest the need for targeted dietary interventions and culturally sensitive management strategies for FC in this elderly Nigerian population.
Patients' Satisfaction and Quality of Care Received at The Out-Patient Clinic in A Community-Built Geriatric Centre South-West Nigeria: A Patient Centred Clinical Practice experience
Background: Although patient satisfaction is a subjective evaluation of the services received in a health facility, is an essential ingredient of clinical auditing. The overall satisfaction depends on the different domains of quality-of-care, availability of technical facilities, the financial cost of care, the skill of the health care provider, the patient-doctor communication, time spent in the facility, the general attitude of the physician, accessibility and convenience of the health facility. This is most achievable in a family clinical practice. Methods: A cross sectional study of 422 older adults who attended a geriatric centre, Ilesa, Osun State (IGC) over a period of eight weeks was conducted. It is a one-stop shop Multiclinic having GOPC eye clinic, SOP, dietetic and Dental clinic with laboratory facilities. An interviewer administered questionnaire was used to obtain demographic and clinical information using a systematic random sampling technique. Data were cleaned, coded, entered and subsequently analysed. Descriptive and inferential statistics were done for all variables. P values <= 0.05 were considered statistically significant at a 95 percent confidence interval (CI). Results: The mean age(±SD) of the respondents was 71.62±80.4 years, age range of 60–69 years (41.9%). They were predominantly female (56.9%); married (63.3%); Christians (92.2%), and of Yoruba ethnicity (98.1%). Almost three-quarters (75.8%) earned ≥ ₦30,000 monthly. Retirement benefits and family contributions constituted 45.3% and 37.9% of current sources of income respectively. Spouses constituted 64.9% of primary caregivers. Cardiovascular, together with musculoskeletal conditions, were the frequent patterns of multimorbidities (72.0%). The overall patient satisfaction is 99.8%, highest rating in accessibility and convenience. Conclusions: The overall satisfaction is high with the care provided at a stop-shop multi-clinic, as regards accessibility and convenience. It is recommended to have more of this type of centre across the nation.
Couple Counsellling on Birth Preparedness and Pregnancy Outcomes in a Family Practice Setting in Northern Nigeria
Background: Birth preparedness and complication readiness (BPCR) is an evidence- based approach to reduce delays in accessing skilled maternal and neonatal interventions to reduce morbidity and mortality. Couple counselling aims to involve the partners in joint healthcare decision making. The study set out to determine what effect couple counselling on BPCR had on feto- maternal outcomes in pregnant women. Methodology: A total of 102 primigravidae were randomized into the intervention group (who had focused BPCR counselling with their partners) and the control group, who had treatment as usual (TAU) ie usual antenatal care. They were followed up till delivery. Data were collected using interviewer administered structured questionnaires and a review of medical records. The primary maternal outcomes were the mode of delivery and occurrence of perinatal complications, while secondary outcomes were the length of hospital stay and presence of maternal mortality. The primary fetal outcomes were the gestational age at birth, and the APGAR score while secondary outcomes were the need for hospital admissions and neonatal mortality. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Comparative analyses were performed using Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test. Results: The mean ages of the study participants were 22.89 ± 3.7 years for the intervention group, and 22.62 ± 3.9 years for the control group. Although more participants in TAU had unfavourable maternal outcomes such as delivering at home (p= 0.653), having caesarean delivery (p= 0.355), post-partum haemorrhage (p= 0.319), prolonged hospital stay (p= 0.116), only genital tract laceration (p= 0.007) was statistically significant. There was no maternal mortality. The foetal complications such as LBW (p= 0.041), neonatal admissions (p= 0.041), and pre- term delivery (p= 0.007) were also more in the TAU group as compared to the intervention group. There was one perinatal mortality from the TAU group, and none from the intervention group. Conclusion: Couple counselling on BPCR significantly improved maternal and foetal pregnancy outcomes. A structured birth preparation counselling with involvement of the male partners should be integrated into routine antenatal care.
Medication adherence, blood pressure control: healthcare financing and associated factors among hypertensive general outpatients of a tertiary hospital in south-west Nigeria
Background: Medication adherence refers to how effectively individuals follow their prescribed regimens. Non-adherence and uncontrolled blood pressure, particularly in chronic illnesses like hypertension, have a global impact on health outcomes and costs. This study assessed antihypertensive medication adherence and blood pressure control among hypertensive individuals. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 350 adult hypertensive outpatients were systematically sampled from 600 patients over three months. Data on socio-demographics, health history, medication adherence, and financing were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Adherence was assessed using the Adherence to Refills and Medications Scale (ARMS). Data were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate methods with p-value set at 0.05. Blood pressure was measured using a mercury sphygmomanometer. Results: Respondents had mean age of 56.37 ± 9.75 years, with the majority being female (62.3%) and tertiary education (61.1%). Medication adherence was high (94.0%), and 70.6% had controlled blood pressure. Age, comfort with clinic visits, and pill burden were significantly associated with higher adherence, while blood pressure control was linked to gender, medication availability, adverse effects, pill burden comfort, and belief in drug efficacy. Older age (OR=0.162, p=0.020) and clinic comfort (OR=0.221, p=0.015) predicted adherence, whereas male gender (OR=1.72, p=0.025), drug unavailability (OR=1.827, p=0.027), and disbelief in medication effectiveness (OR=4.873, p=0.013) predicted uncontrolled blood pressure. There was no relationship between healthcare financing and adherence or blood pressure control. Conclusion: High adherence to antihypertensive medication and satisfactory blood pressure control were observed, influenced by age, medication availability, and patients' perceptions of treatment. Targeted interventions addressing these factors could further improve hypertension management outcomes.
Family Medicine in Nigeria: The Journey,Challenges, and Future Prospects
Family Medicine in Nigeria has evolved from humble beginnings to become a vital component of the nation's healthcare system. This review article provides an in-depth analysis of this journey, highlighting the contributions of pioneers and current leaders who have shaped the speciality. It emphasises the importance of Family Medicine as a cornerstone of Nigeria's healthcare system, advocating for increased public and stakeholder awareness of its role and benefits. The historical context of Family Medicine worldwide can be traced back to its roots in General Practice (GP), which evolved into a recognised speciality in 1969. The establishment of the National Postgraduate Medical College of Nigeria (NPMCN) and the inclusion of General Medical Practice (GMP) as one of its faculties marked a significant milestone. The transition from GMP to Family Medicine is well documented, with the adoption of a training curriculum and the eventual renaming of the faculty to Family Medicine in 2006. Current challenges facing Family Medicine in Nigeria include low awareness, weak primary healthcare systems, inadequate collaboration with health stakeholders, and insufficient training and resources. The document advocates for policy reforms, improved infrastructure, and strengthened cooperation to address these issues. It also emphasises the necessity for standardised operating procedures, increased credit units for training, and a larger number of family physicians to meet the country's healthcare needs. In conclusion, it is necessary to build a future where Family Medicine plays a pivotal role in Nigeria's Primary Healthcare and overall healthcare system. We advocate for the Society of Family Physicians of Nigeria (SOFPON) to collaborate with relevant agencies to facilitate the accreditation of FM programmes, the establishment of Family Medicine undergraduate programmes in all the nation's universities, and residency training programmes throughout the country's secondary and tertiary care centres. The document emphasises the importance of public awareness, research, and active participation in health management to enhance the speciality's relevance and impact.
Integrated Patient Centred Management in The Care, of Complex Multimorbidity
Background: This case report highlights the care of a woman in her late 40s with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, hypertension, and obesity, presenting with a left foot wound and pain, with a diagnosis of diabetic foot syndrome and sepsis. She was managed through Integrated Patient Centered Management and multidisciplinary and family-oriented care approach. Case Presentation: This is a case of a 49-year-old woman with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, hypertension, and obesity, who presented with a left foot wound and pain. Random blood glucose at presentation was unrecordably high. A multidisciplinary team, coordinated by a Family Physician, managed her complex condition and prevented impending mortality. This care included intensive medical care, daily wound debridement, and ultimately, a left below-knee amputation due to severe sepsis and suboptimal glycemic control. Discussion: The case highlights the critical role of a multidisciplinary approach and the Family Physician's coordination in integrating specialist care and involving the patient's family in the management of patients with complex multimorbidity. Family members provided crucial emotional and practical support, significantly aiding her recovery and rehabilitation. Conclusion: This case underscores the importance of patient-centered, coordinated, and continuous care led by a Family Physician, with strong family integration, and multidisciplinary approach for achieving optimal outcomes in complex multimorbidity like diabetic foot syndrome.
Finding Sleep in Multimorbidity: A Systematic Review of Evidence on Effective Treatment Modalities for Insomnia in People Living with Multimorbidity.
Background: Comorbid insomnia is a common presenting condition in medical clinics and primary care practice. This is often managed with pharmacotherapy with little success and higher healthcare costs. Despite the high prevalence of insomnia in people living with multimorbidity, its management remains challenging for primary care physicians as many of these patients have multiple symptoms, multiple comorbid conditions and are taking multiple medications. This study set out to systematically review the evidence on effective treatment modalities for comorbid insomnia with a view to determine what interventions ultimately translate to better therapeutic outcomes. Methods: Published RCT studies were identified via medical and allied health online databases EMBASE, OVID, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane database and PubMed. Study selection and extraction was obtained from 32 randomised control trials were systematically extracted, collated and analysed. Those included were studies that examined the effects of interventions for comorbid insomnia in adults while studies without clear outcomes were excluded. The interventions included pharmacological and non- pharmacological methods while the outcome variables were subjective and objective sleep parameters. Results: A total of 4,578 participants were reviewed (from 32 RCTs) with a mean age of 48.72 years. There was paucity of data from lowincome regions, especially Africa. In developed countries, pharmacotherapy, cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT-I) and herbal therapy were effective in treating comorbid insomnia with moderate to large effect sizes. Conclusion: While pharmacotherapy and CBT-I have both been found to be efficacious in managing comorbid insomnia, we advocate for more research in low- and middle- income countries.
A Comparative Study of Dyslipidaemias among Hypertensives and Normotensives in a Tertiary Health Facility in North Central, Nigeria
Background: Dyslipidaemia and hypertension are major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), with evidence suggesting a strong interrelationship between both conditions. Understanding the pattern of dyslipidaemia among hypertensives and normotensives is critical for effective risk assessment and management. Aim: To determine and compare the prevalence and pattern of dyslipidaemia among hypertensive and normotensive adults in a tertiary healthcare facility in North Central Nigeria. Methodology: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among 176 participants (88 hypertensives and 88 age- and sex-matched normotensives) recruited from the General Outpatient Clinic of Federal Medical Centre, Bida, between August and October 2022. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, and fasting blood samples for lipid profiling. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 23. Independent t-tests and Chi-square tests were used to compare mean values and assess associations, respectively. Ap-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result: The prevalence of dyslipidaemia was significantly higher among hypertensives (78.4%) compared to normotensives (52.3%). Hypertensives had significantly higher mean values of LDL-C and triglycerides, while HDL-C was significantly lower (p < 0.001). Total cholesterol and atherogenic index were higher among normotensives, though not statistically significant. LDL-C, HDL-C, total cholesterol,and atherogenic index showed significant associations with hypertension status. Conclusion: Dyslipidaemia is highly prevalent among hypertensive patients compared to normotensives. Routine lipid screening and lifestyle modification are recommended as part of integrated hypertension management to reduce cardiovascular risk.
Pattern of Morbidity Among Elderly Patients Attending the General Outpatient Clinic of Afe Babalola University Multisystem Hospital, Ado Ekiti
Background: With the global increase in life expectancy, Nigeria is experiencing a growing elderly population facing a double burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases. Understanding the morbidity pattern among this demographic is essential for developing age-appropriate healthcare services. To determine the pattern of morbidity among elderly patients attending the General Outpatient Clinic (GOPC) of Afe Babalola University Multisystem Hospital (AMSH), Ado Ekiti, Nigeria. Methods: This was a retrospective descriptive study of elderly patients aged 60 years and above who attended the GOPC at AMSH between January and December 2024. Data were extracted from hospital medical records, including age, sex, and clinical diagnoses. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data, and chi-square tests were applied to examine associations between categorical variables using SPSS version 27. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Atotal of 730 elderly patients were included, with a mean age of 75.3 ± 8.0 years. Males constituted 53.3% and females 46.7% of the population. The most prevalent conditions were cardiovascular diseases (206; 28.2%) and neurological disorders (197; 27.0%). Other notable morbidities included musculoskeletal diseases (97; 13.3%), endocrine diseases (70; 9.6%), and malaria (70; 10.7%). Only 78 patients (10.7%) visited for routine medical check-ups. Cardiovascular disease was significantly more prevalent among females than males (35.2% vs. 22.1%, p < 0.001). Routine check-up attendance declined with increasing age but was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Cardiovascular and neurological conditions are the predominant morbidities among elderly patients attending the GOPC of AMSH. There is a critical need for age-sensitive outpatient services, preventive health education, and policy initiatives to support geriatric healthcare in Nigeria.
Impact of mHealth Intervention on Maternal and Neonatal Health Outcomes in a Southwestern State in Nigeria
Background: Indices of maternal and child health in many low- and middle-income countries are still much higher than the targets under the Sustainable Development Goals. The deployment of mobile health applications has the potential to improve MCH service delivery and outcomes. This study determined the impact of educational and reminder text messages on maternal and neonatal health outcomes among mothers attending primary healthcare centres in Osun State, Nigeria. Methods: Aquasi-experimental research design was utilised. Amultistage sampling technique was used to select and randomise the PHCs into the intervention and control groups, and 380 pregnant mothers (190 in each study group) were recruited. The participants were followed up until six weeks after delivery. The rates of specific maternal and neonatal health outcomes were compared between the two groups. Appropriate descriptive and inferential analyses were done. Results: The mobile health intervention was associated with significantly higher odds of optimal child immunisation uptake (OR = 10.42; CI = 3.69 – 29.42) and good cord status (OR = 3.80; CI = 1.37 – 10.63). The mothers in the intervention group had significantly lower odds of postpartum depression than their control counterparts (OR = 0.32; CI: 0.11 – 0.95). However, no significant difference was observed concerning the incidence of postpartum haemorrhage, postpartum infection, uptake of contraception, and neonatal weight gain. Although the percentage of neonatal deaths (2.2%) was lower in the intervention group compared to the control group (4.2%), the difference was not statistically significant (OR = 0.51; CI = 0.15 – 1.80). Conclusion: The mHealth intervention was associated with improved cord status and immunisation rates among neonates, as well as reduced maternal postpartum depression. The findings suggest a promising role of mHealth intervention in delivering maternal and child healthcare. Abstract
Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Islamic Scholars and Clerics on Cancer Care and Preventive Measures in Ile-Ife, Nigeria: Implications for Policy Action
Background: Cancer is currently one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality, especially among adults globally. It is important to understand the perspectives of religious leaders on cancer prevention and care since their doctrines have tremendous impacts on the behaviour of their followers. This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of Islamic scholars and clerics on cancer care and prevention. Methods: A cross-sectional design using a mixed-method approach and a two-stage sampling technique was used to recruit 128 consenting Islamic scholars and clerics. An interviewer-administered questionnaire and focus group discussion guide were used for data collection. Quantitative data were analysed using the SPSS software version 20 with p ≤ 0.05 taken as significant. Qualitative data from 36 participants with the results analysed using thematic content analysis. Results: The majority of the respondents had heard of cancer (89.8%), and 60% of them had poor knowledge of cancer care and prevention. The statistically significant predictors of good practice towards cancer care and preventive measures include being not married (AOR 3.64; 95%CI 1.26-10.47; p=0.017), being new members of an Islamic congregation (AOR 6.00; 95%CI 2.22-16.19; p=0.0001) and having good knowledge (AOR 4.85; 95%CI 1.66-14.11; p=0.004). The FGD sessions revealed several myths and misconceptions about cancer. Conclusion: This study revealed predominantly poor cancer knowledge, negative preventive attitude, and poor cancer care/preventive practices. It underscores the need for an educational intervention targeting Islamic scholars and clerics to equip them with the right cancerrelated information, which can be passed down to their followers.
Drug Induced Acute Dystonic Paediatric Emergency Admissions In A Southwestern Nigerian Tertiary Hospital
Background: Drug-induced acute dystonia is an undesirable, sudden, involuntary movement disorder, following the administration of some drugs. The disorder is studied with the aim of documenting the burden of the disease, the implicated drugs, seasonal variation, and their presentation. Methods: The records of children seen at the paediatric emergency with acute dystonic reactions between January 2018 and December 2024 were studied. Information retrieved from the records includes age and sex of the children and period in the year seen, presumed culprit drug and the prescribers and dispensers. Results: A total of 42 admissions with acute drug-induced dystonic reactions were recorded over seven years at the Paediatric Emergency unit of Wesley Guild Hospital, Ilesa, giving a prevalence of 0.005%. They comprised 24 boys and 18 girls giving a male to female ratio of 1.33:1. Their ages ranged between 4 months to 15 years with a mean of 6.75 ± 3.40 years. Majority of the dystonic reactions were focal or segmental involving the posturing or movement of the head and neck region, occurring in 64.29 % of the patients. There were more cases of acute dystonic reaction presenting in the wet season months (84.62%) compared to dry season months. Amodiaquine was the most common drug implicated in ADR followed by Metoclopramide in 45.2%, and 21.4% cases respectively. The dystonic reactions were managed with medications and admission spanning between 1-3 days. Six (14.3%) procured their drug from private hospital and pharmacy, 14 (33.3%) from chemists and maternity centres while the rest did not disclose the source of the medication. Conclusion: Acute drug induced dystonia is a notable cause of paediatric emergency admission in our health facility and antimalarials, especially Amodiaquine are the commonest drugs implicated. Patients present more in the wet than dry season months. Most cases emanated from self, chemist and maternity nurses' prescription compared with prescription by doctors. Ensuring that these medications are only available, prescribed and dispensed by authorized persons should mitigate the burden of this disease.
Press Conference Speech by the President of Society of Family Physicians of Nigeria (SOFPON), Dr. Blessing Chukwukelu During The Occasion of 2025 World Family Doctor Day Celebration on the 19th of May, 2025
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MARITAL SATISFACTION AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH AMONG MARRIED COUPLE IN SOUTH-SOUTH REGION OF NIGERIA.
Background: Marital satisfaction is the largest contributor to overall happiness for married individuals and is strongly associated with physical and psychological wellbeing. Marital satisfaction is so critical to health and happiness that it generally declines over time when problems weigh down on a couple. Couples are expected to assist each other in various aspect of life and if these are not met, it can lead to marital dissatisfaction and invariably divorce or separation. Family stability is crucial and important to every society and nation as a whole. A healthy family atmosphere markedly influences the psychological health of each member of the family. This study is aimed at eliciting a relationship between marital satisfaction and psychological health among patients attending Family Medicine Out-patient Clinic in Delta State University Teaching Hospital, Oghara. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that adopted a General Health Questionnaire(GHQ 28) as well as Index of Marital Satisfaction (IMS 25) to assess the relationship between psychological health and marital satisfaction respectively among patients recruited using a systematic sampling technique from Family Medicine Out-patient Clinic in Delta State University Teaching Hospital. The information required for the study was collected with the use of researcher-administered questionnaires. The questionnaire was translated into Pidgin and Urhobo languages and reinterpreted back by an external source in order to validate it. Collected data were entered into a spreadsheet and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 22. Results were presented in proportions, mean ± standard deviation and displayed in tables and charts. The relationship between marital satisfaction and psychological health was expressed using Pearson's chisquare. Ap-value was considered significant if less than 0.05. Result: The association between duration of marriage and psychological stability was highly significant; p = 0.001. Over three-fifths 115 (62.5%) of the patients had marital satisfaction whereas 69 (37.5%) of them were not satisfied in their marriage. The majority of the study participants were psychologically stable in their marriage, while 29.4% were unstable. Conclusion: The level of marital satisfaction was moderately high. The relationship between marital satisfaction and psychological health was statistically significant. This shows that marital satisfaction has a positive impact on the psychological health of the couple and vice versa.
PREDICTORS OF POST-COVID SYNDROME AMONG ADULT PATIENTS WITH COVID -19 INFECTION IN IBADAN, NIGERIA
Background: While most individuals recover from acute Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), a subset experiences persistent symptoms, referred to as post-COVID-19 Syndrome (PCS). Understanding the clinical spectrum and determinants of PCS is essential to provide evidence-based long-term care for COVID-19 survivors. This study aimed to describe the clinical spectrum and predictors of PCS among hospitalized and non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Ibadan, Nigeria. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study involved 536 adult individuals who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in Ibadan, Nigeria. Data, including demographics, symptoms, comorbidities, and quality of life, were collected using a semistructured questionnaire and analyzed with descriptive statistics. Pearson's Chi-square and logistic regression were used to assess associations and predictors of PCS. Results: Among the 536 participants, 98 (18.3%) had PCS. Of these, 67 (68.4%) reported mild symptoms, while 31 (31.6%) experienced severe symptoms. Common symptoms included fatigue/malaise (36.7%), headache (19.4%), cough (17.3%), and sore throat (13.3%). Comorbidities, initial COVID-19 severity, vaccination status pre-infection, treatment location, oxygen supplementation, and ICU care were associated with PCS. Logistic regression revealed that having received a pre-COVID-19 vaccination decreased the odds of PCS by 62.4% (aOR=0.376; 95% CI [0.205, 0.692]). Individuals that experienced PCS had lower quality of life scores (Mean EQ VAS score: 85.8) compared to those without PCS (89.7), with impacts across mobility, self-care, daily activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression domains in EQ-5D analysis. Conclusion: PCS affects a significant proportion of COVID-19 survivors in Ibadan, Nigeria. Pre-COVID-19 vaccination was associated with a reduced risk of PCS. Understanding the clinical and demographic factors predicting PCS can aid in providing long-term care and support for affected individuals.
EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING: UPDATE ON THE KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES OF CARE PROVIDERS AND MOTHERS IN THE MALUKU I AND LEMBA HEALTH ZONES.
Background: Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is the practice of feeding newborns and infants only breast milk over six months of age. A child who is not exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months of life is exposed to infectious diseases such as diarrhea and is at high risk of developing malnutrition. According to WHO and UNICEF recommendations, EBF should be practised by every woman with an infant under six months of age. The percentage of EBF practice in the Lemba health zone is low in contrast to Maluku I. This study aim to assess the current knowledge and practices regarding EBF among care providers and mothers in Maluku I and Lemba Health Zones. Methods: Aqualitative case study approach was used to highlight the knowledge and practice of cares providers and in-depth interviews were used to collect data, which were analyzed using Atlas-ti V7 software. Results: The majority of our respondents had a superficial knowledge of EBF and knew the importance of this, but healthcare providers hadn't received appropriate training on EBF. A significant proportion of healthcare providers don't discuss EBF with women during medical appointments and visits. Culture, surroundings, spouse are all factors influencing the non-adherence of these women to the practice of EBF Conclusion: Providers aren't well trained and don't talk enough to women about EBF; work, culture, advertising of artificial milk on the media and the entourage slow down women in Lemba from practicing EBF. This study will help to improve the health of breast-feeding children.
MEDICATION ADHERENCE AND BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL AMONG HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS IN A NIGERIAN TERTIARY HOSPITAL: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Background: Despite the availability of potent antihypertensive medications blood pressure control remains low worldwide. Poor blood pressure control is known to contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality among hypertensive patients with developing countries disproportionately affected. There are limited studies locally on relationship between medication adherence and blood pressure control. Aim: To investigate the relationship between medication adherence and blood pressure control among hypertensive patients attending Family Medicine clinic of UNIOSUN Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was conducted. Systematic sampling method was used to recruit 300 known adult hypertensive patients from August to November, 2021. Data was collected using a pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaire and medication adherence was measured using Morisky 8-Item Medication Adherence Questionnaire. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with p-value < 0.05 taken to be statistically significant. Results: This study recorded poor medication adherence among the study participants with 51.3% and 48.7% medium and low medication adherence respectively. Blood pressure control rate (46.7%) was also low. There is a directly proportional relationship between medication adherence and blood pressure control among the participants which was statistically (p= 0.001). Conclusions: Hypertensive patients adhered poorly to antihypertensive medication and the blood pressure control among them was poor.
DEPRESSION AMONG ELDERLY INDIVIDUALS ATTENDING PRIMARY CARE CLINIC IN NORTHWESTERN NIGERIA: PREVALENCE, PATTERN, AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS
Background: Depression represents a major international public health problem for both developed and developing countries. It is associated with increased risk of morbidity, suicide, decreased physical, cognitive and social function, and greater self-neglect which in turn is associated with increased mortality. The aim was to investigate the prevalence, pattern and associated factors of depression among the elderly individuals in a primary care clinic in Northwestern Nigeria. Methodology: The study was a cross-sectional hospital-based study and 391 elderly participants in a primary care clinic of Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital were recruited through systematic sampling technique. Data was collected using pre-tested, structured interviewer-administered questionnaire, Oslo – 3 social support scale and the GDS- 30 was used to screen for depression. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. Test of associations was done using Chi- square test and P< 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of depression among the elderly was found to be (41.2%) and of these respondents who were depressed, (99.4%) of them had mild depression while (0.6%) had severe depression. Marital status, level of education, occupational status, average monthly income, location of residents, social support,(P-value <0.05) were found to be significantly associated with depression in the elderly. Conclusion: The prevalence of elderly depression was high in primary care with preponderance of mild depression, the study recommends early screening, detection and treatments of depressive disorder in the elderly by primary care physician.
PREVALENCE AND PATTERN OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS IN ADULT PATIENTS SEEN AT AN OUTPATIENT RURAL TERTIARY HOSPITAL SETTING
Introduction: Neurological Diseases (NDs) are common and most disabling leading to significant morbidity and mortality globally particularly in resource constrained settings. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence, distribution and pattern of NDs seen at the outpatient family medicine clinics of Irrua Specialist Teaching hospital (ISTH), Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria. Methods: A descriptive, retrospective review of hospital record was conducted for 1086 adult patients presenting to the general outpatient clinics of ISTH from January to December 2021 using hospital records. The diagnosis as made based on clinical findings and laboratory and radiological investigations using the 10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and related Health Problems (ICD 10). Results were analysed using epi info version 3.5.4. level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: The prevalence of neurologic disorders was found to be 2.06%. The age of respondents ranged from 18 to 93 years with a mean age of 46±18 years. They were mostly females 678 (62.4%), married 678 (62.4%) with majority of them being traders 315 (29.0%). The most common disorder among respondents was neuropathy 372 (34.3%) followed by Headache 368 (33.9%), Seizure Disorder 144 (13.3%), Stroke 98 (9.0%) and Migraine 20 (1.8%). There was association between age (p <0.001), marital status (p <0.001) and occupation (p <0.001) with the above neurological disorders. Conclusion: Neurologic disorders were common among the respondents with neuropathy, headache, seizure disorders, stroke and migraine being the most common. The study also found an association between these conditions with age, marital status and occupation.
DOES THE NIGERIAN HEALTH SECTOR NEED FAMILY MEDICINE?
Family medicine plays a vital role in enhancing healthcare delivery, yet its importance remains underrecognized in Nigeria. This article evaluates the relevance of family medicine in Nigerian health care industry where the healthcare system faces significant challenges, including limited access to care, an overburdened tertiary system, and a shortage of healthcare professionals. This article assesses the value of family medicine in the Nigerian healthcare sector, which is beset by a number of problems such as a lack of healthcare experts, a tertiary system that is overworked, and restricted access to care. Family medicine, with its focus on holistic, patient-centered, and continuous care, has the potential to address these gaps, particularly at the primary care level. Family physicians provide comprehensive care that addresses not only physical health but also the psychological and social factors affecting patients. They are crucial in managing common conditions and the rising burden of non-communicable diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, and respiratory illnesses. Additionally, family physicians are integral to maternal and child health, infectious disease control, and mental health services, which are critical public health areas in Nigeria. However, family medicine in Nigeria faces significant challenges, including a shortage of trained family physicians, limited government support, and poor integration into the healthcare system. The preference for specialist care, combined with underinvestment in primary care, undermines the role of family medicine in health system strengthening. To address these challenges, policy reforms are necessary to prioritize the training of family physicians, improve funding for primary care services, and raise public awareness about the importance of family medicine. By enhancing the role of family medicine, Nigeria can improve access to care, reduce pressure on tertiary care facilities, and create a more equitable healthcare system. In conclusion, Family medicine is essential for ensuring sustainable and effective healthcare delivery in Nigeria.
THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF AI IMPROVING HEALTH CARE DELIVERY IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES (LMICS).
This paper explores the transformative potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in enhancing healthcare delivery in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), focusing on its applicability, challenges, and pathways for integration. The study is structured around three core objectives: examining current AI applications in Low- and Middle-Income Countries and their potential adaptations; investigating how AI can address pressing health challenges such as resource allocation and disease management; and identifying barriers to AI adoption, including technological infrastructure, data privacy concerns, and workforce training deficits. AI technologies have demonstrated significant efficacy in diagnostics, disease surveillance, and resource optimization, exemplified by mobile health (mHealth) solutions that extend healthcare access to underserved populations. However, the successful implementation of AI in LMICs is impeded by insufficient data quality, lack of robust infrastructure, and ethical considerations. By drawing on lessons from developed nations and emphasizing public-private partnerships, this study proposes strategies to overcome these obstacles, ensuring that AI can be harnessed effectively to improve health outcomes. The findings highlight the need for context-specific AI solutions and collaborative efforts among stakeholders to realize the full potential of AI in achieving equitable and efficient healthcare systems in LMICs.
HIDDEN IN PLAIN SIGHT: HYPERTHYROIDISM SHROUDED AS GASTROINTESTINAL DISTRESS IN A DIABETIC PATIENT.
Thyroid hyperfunction usually manifests with typical symptoms such as palpitations, fatigue, heat intolerance, excessive sweating and polydipsia. Atypical presentation with gastrointestinal disorders in a known diabetic patient in a resource-poor environment could lead to misdiagnosis. Delay in diagnosis and treatment may occur due to a lack of classical symptoms of hyperthyroidism occurring on a background of immunosuppression due to diabetes mellitus (DM) in an environment where infectious causes of gastrointestinal symptoms abound. We report a case of a 53-year-old, known DM patient with no prior history of hyperthyroidism, who presented with spurious diarrhoea that eventually led to the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. The report highlighted the importance of recognition of thyroid disorder in DM in the midst of confounding symptoms. It further emphasized that diarrhoea can present as a lone clinical feature of thyroid hyperfunction in some patients. Furthermore, it underscored the need for TSH levels monitoring after commencement of metformin therapy in diabetic patients.
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND INFECTION CONTROL PRACTICES AMONG HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS IN SELECTED PRIMARY HEALTHCARE CENTRES IN URBAN AREAS OF LAGOS STATE.
Background: Infection is a serious issue encountered in healthcare delivery services worldwide. Healthcare workers are exposed to the risk of occupational infection following accidental exposure to blood or body fluids. Studies have shown disparity in knowledge of infection transmission and control, its interpretation and application among healthcare workers at the primary healthcare level in particular. This study determined the knowledge, attitude and practice of infection control among healthcare workers in primary healthcare (PHCs) centers in Surulere LGA. Methods: A cross-sectional study carried out among PHCs in Surulere LGA using a simple random sampling technique. The PHCs are composed of doctors, pharmacy technicians, nurses, community health officers, community extension workers, junior community health extension workers and laboratory technologists. The questionnaires consisting of participants demography, working experience, professions, presence of infection control committee, exposure to training on infection control, knowledge and practice of infection control, were analyzed. Data entry and analysis was done using Epi info software version 7.2.3.1 Results: Most of the respondents (77.3%) were females and female to male ratio was 3:1. Close to half of the respondents (43.6%) have less than 5 years of working experience. Among the professions, the nurses constituted a predominant proportion (27.3%) while among all the professions combined, 97.3% of them had good knowledge of infection control. All the respondents had above average positive attitude towards infection control. Atotal of 86.4% of the respondents had good infection control practice Ahigh proportion of the respondents (75.5%) have training on infection control while 95.5% of the respondents are aware about infection control guidelines. There was a significant association between knowledge and practice of infection control (p<0.001). There was a statistically significant association between age, years of work experience, occupation and overall knowledge. There was a statistically significant association between the level of education, occupation and overall practice of infection control. Conclusion: Majority of the respondents had good knowledge of infection control and positive attitude. Adequate provision of appropriate safety kits and their timely replacement should be made. It was recommended Health workers should regularly update their knowledge and practice regarding infection prevention activities during continuous professional development, to be coupled with adequate provision and timely replacement of appropriate safety kits when worn-out to all cadres of staff based on their job schedule.
MEDICATION ADHERENCE AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHICS,PERCEIVED FAMILY SUPPORT AND BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL AMONG ADULTS HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS IN RURAL SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA
Background: Perceived Family support and blood pressure control are important outcome measures to medication adherence in clinical trials. However, there is limited research on this topic among adult hypertensive patients in rural Southwest Nigeria. This study determined the pattern of medication adherence, blood pressure control and perceived family support and ascertained the determinants of medication adherence among adult hypertensive patients attending a tertiary hospital in rural Southwestern Nigeria. Methods: Hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 282 hypertensive patients on follow up using systematic random sampling technique. Standardized semi-structured interviewer administered questionnaire was employed to seek information on respondents' sociodemographic characteristics. Adherence level was determined using the Morisky's Medication Adherence Scale, while Perceived Social Support family (PSS-Fa) scale was employed to assess the level of respondents' perceived family support. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the determinants of medication adherence. Results: The majority of the respondents had high medication adherence (61.0%), good controlled blood pressure (60.6%), and strong perceived family support (56.0%). Being a middle age (p<0.05), formal education (p<0.01), civil servants (p<0.001), higher income level (p<0.001), higher pill burden (p<0.001), normal BMI (p=0.012, controlled blood pressure (p<0.001) and strong perceived family support (p<0.001) were the independent determinants of medication adherence. Conclusion: The pattern of medication adherence, perceived family support and blood pressure control were good. The findings would assist the stakeholders at improving adherence to medication among patients with hypertension in rural Southwest Nigeria.
NAUSEA AND VOMITING OF PREGNANCY AND ITS CONTROL MEASURES AS SEEN IN TWO TERTIARY CARE FACILITIES IN SOUTHWEST NIGERIA
Background: Due to the concerns about the possible harmful effects of medications on foetuses, pregnant women prefer to control the symptoms of Nausea and Vomiting during pregnancy by personal, familial, and traditional measures. The Objective of the study is to identify the control measures that pregnant women use with NVP and determine its impact on their daily lives. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive survey of pregnant women at two Hospitals in Osun state was conducted. Five hundred pregnant women were recruited, and data was collected using a pre-tested questionnaire to elicit information on socio-demographic characteristics, control measures of NVP and its impact on daily life. Frequencies and proportions were generated for socio-demographic variables, control measures of NVP and its effects on everyday life. Results: 352 (70.4%) women experienced the symptoms of NVP. The most frequently taken agent for the control of NVP was chewing gum 145 (41.2%). Other interventions include sweets 82 (23.2%), bitter kola 72 (20.5%), prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs 63 (17.9%), bitter leaf 54 (15.3%), ginger 43 (12.2%) and kola nut 29 (8.2%). NVP affected the daily activities of 53.8%, while 81.9% were discouraged from getting pregnant again due to the symptoms. However, 18 (5.1%) have ever considered terminating a pregnancy due to NVP. Conclusion: There was a high incidence of NVP among the respondents. Most respondents perceived that NVP affected their daily lives with a severe impact on their intent to become pregnant again.
CORRELATES OF OBESITY AND FUNCTIONAL DISABILITY AMONG SENIOR CITIZENS AT USMANU DANFODIO UNIVERSITY TEACHING HOSPITAL, SOKOTO EXPERIENCE.
Background: The study assessed the relationship between obesity and functional disability in elderly. Materials and method: A descriptive sectional study was conducted at Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital. Systemic sampling technique was employed and structured interviewer administered questionnaire was administered among 319 participants. Data was collected on socio-demographics, functionality, assessment and anthropometrics (weight and height and BMI) of the respondents were also taken. Data was analyzed using IBM SPSS version 21 statistical software. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 65.9 ± 6.7. There was a statistically significant relationship between obesity and ADL disability (0.001).The prevalence of obesity was 17.6% with majority having obesity class 1(11.3). Conclusions: Obese elderly have twice the risk of having disability in self-care. Therefore, it needs to be tackled for prevention and management of disability in elderly
RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF HISTOLOGICAL TYPES AND LATERALITY OF BREAST CARCINOMA IN A TERTIARY HOSPITAL IN SOUTHWEST NIGERIA
Background: Breast carcinoma is the most common cancer among women worldwide and is a leading cause of death among women. It has various histological types, which differ in their clinical and pathological features. In Nigeria, it accounts for over 25% of all cancer cases. The evolving nature of breast cancer calls for a continuous study of the histological types, distribution patterns, and unique characteristics as it may reveal new insights and variations. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the histological types, age distribution, and laterality of breast carcinoma cases at the UNIOSUN Teaching Hospital (UTH) Osogbo. Methods: This study was a retrospective analysis of all cases of breast carcinoma diagnosed histologically at the UTH Osogbo over 10 years. Information on patients age, laterality, and histological type of breast carcinoma was obtained from the records of the Department of Pathology. The histological types were classified according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification system and data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 519 cases of breast carcinoma were diagnosed histologically. The mean age of the patients was 50.1 years (SD=12.4), with a range of 12-90 years. The highest number of cases (32%) were in the age group of 41-50 years, followed by 29.5% in the age group of 31-40 years. Invasive ductal carcinoma (NOS) was the most common histological type, accounting for 93.6% of cases. Other types were metaplastic carcinoma (2.7%), invasive mucinous carcinoma (1.3%), lobular carcinoma (1%), and medullary carcinoma (0.4%). Regarding laterality, 53% of the cases were in the left breast, 44% in the right breast, and 3% were bilateral. Conclusion: Invasive ductal carcinoma (NOS) was the most common histological type. Breast cancer was common among those aged 41-50 years and in the left breast. The results of this study could be useful for the development of breast cancer screening programs and treatment strategies in Nigeria.